Aman's Decree Against the Jews

Esther 3

King Artaxerxes raises Aman above all his other officials, and when Mardochaeus alone refuses to bow before him, Aman resolves to destroy not only Mardochaeus but his entire people. Aman obtains a decree, sealed with the king's ring, ordering the destruction of the Jews throughout the empire on a single day chosen by lot.

About these editions

The Septuagint (LXX) in Greek, with Charles Thomson’s 1808 and Sir Lancelot Brenton’s 1851 English translations, set beside the King James Version and the Jewish Masoretic text (JPS 1917) where they align, so you can compare the Greek and the Hebrew. All public domain; choose which to show with the controls above.

Thomson 1808Septuagint

Brenton 1851Septuagint

Greek · BrentonSeptuagint

KJV 1769Masoretic

JPS 1917Masoretic

ThomsonAFTER these things king Artaxerxes honoured Haman of Amadathes, the Bougaian, and promoted him, and seated him first of all his friends,

BrentonAnd after this king Artaxerxes highly honoured Aman son of Amadathes, the Bugæan, and exalted him, and set his seat above all his friends.

GreekΜετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐδόξασεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀρταξέρξης Ἀμὰν Ἀμαδαθοῦ Βουγαῖον, καὶ ὕψωσεν αὐτὸν, καὶ ἐπρωτοβάθρει πάντων τῶν φίλων αὐτοῦ,

KJVAfter these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes that were with him.

JPSAfter these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes that were with him.

Thomsonso that all the court bowed down to him for so the king had commanded to be done. But Mordecai did not bow down to him;

BrentonAnd all in the palace did him obeisance, for so the king had given orders to do: but Mardochæus did not do him obeisance.

Greekκαὶ πάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ προσεκύνουν αὐτῷ· οὕτως γὰρ προσέταξεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ποιῆσαι· ὁ δὲ Μαρδοχαῖος οὐ προσεκύνει αὐτῷ.

KJVAnd all the king’s servants, that were in the king’s gate, bowed, and reverenced Haman: for the king had so commanded concerning him. But Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence.

JPSAnd all the king’s servants, that were in the king’s gate, bowed down, and prostrated themselves before Haman; for the king had so commanded concerning him. But Mordecai bowed not down, nor prostrated himself before him.

Thomsonwhereupon they who were in the king’s court said to him, Mordecai, Why transgressest thou the king’s commands.

BrentonAnd they in the king's palace said to Mardochæus, Mardochæus, why dost thou transgress the commands of the king?

GreekΚαὶ ἐλάλησαν οἱ ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ τοῦ βασιλέως τῷ Μαρδοχαίῳ, Μαρδοχαῖε, τί παρακούεις τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως λεγόμενα;

KJVThen the king’s servants, which were in the king’s gate, said unto Mordecai, Why transgressest thou the king’s commandment?

JPSThen the king’s servants, that were in the king’s gate, said unto Mordecai: ‘Why transgressest thou the king’s commandment?’

ThomsonAnd when they spoke to him daily and he hearkened not to them, they told Haman, that Mordecai disobeyed the king’s commands. Now Mordecai had told them that he was a Jew.

BrentonThus they spoke daily to him, but he hearkened not unto them; so they represented to Aman that Mardochæus resisted the commands of the king: and Mardochæus had shewn to them that he was a Jew.

GreekΚαθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἐλάλουν αὐτῷ, καὶ οὐχ ὑπήκουεν αὐτῶν· καὶ ὑπέδειξαν τῷ Ἀμὰν, Μαρδοχαῖον τοῖς τοῦ βασιλέως λόγοις ἀντιτασσόμενον, καὶ ὑπέδειξεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Μαρδοχαῖος ὅτι Ἰουδαῖός ἐστι.

KJVNow it came to pass, when they spake daily unto him, and he hearkened not unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Mordecai’s matters would stand: for he had told them that he was a Jew.

JPSNow it came to pass, when they spoke daily unto him, and he hearkened not unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Mordecai’s words would stand; for he had told them that he was a Jew.

ThomsonSo when Haman understood that Mordecai did not bow down to him,

BrentonAnd when Aman understood that Mardochæus did not obeisance to him, he was greatly enraged,

GreekΚαὶ ἐπιγνοὺς Ἀμὰν ὅτι οὐ προσκυνεῖ αὐτῷ Μαρδοχαῖος, ἐθυμώθη σφόδρα,

KJV—

JPS—

Thomsonhe was greatly inflamed with wrath, and determined to destroy all the Jews throughout the whole kingdom of Artaxerxes.

Brentonand took counsel to destroy utterly all the Jews who were under the rule of Artaxerxes.

GreekΚαὶ ἐβουλεύσατο ἀφανίσαι πάντας τοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀρταξέρξου βασιλείαν Ἰουδαίους.

KJVAnd he thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone; for they had shewed him the people of Mordecai: wherefore Haman sought to destroy all the Jews that were throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus, even the people of Mordecai.

JPSBut it seemed contemptible in his eyes to lay hands on Mordecai alone; for they had made known to him the people of Mordecai; wherefore Haman sought to destroy all the Jews that were throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus, even the people of Mordecai.

ThomsonAnd having drawn up a decree in the twelfth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, he cast lots for one day after another and for one month after another so as to destroy the whole race of Mordecai in one day.

BrentonAnd he made a decree in the twelfth year of the reign of Artaxerxes, and cast lots daily and monthly, to slay in one day the race of Mardochæus: and the lot fell on the fourteenth day of the month which is Adar.

GreekΚαὶ ἐποίησε ψήφισμα ἐν ἔτει δωδεκάτῳ τῆς βασιλείας Ἀρταξέρξου, καὶ ἔβαλε κλήρους ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας, καὶ μῆνα ἐκ μηνὸς, ὥστε ἀπολέσαι ἐν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ τὸ γένος Μαρδοχαίου· καὶ ἔπεσεν ὁ κλῆρος εἰς τὴν τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτην τοῦ μηνὸς ὅς ἐστιν Ἀδάρ.

KJVIn the first month, that is, the month Nisan, in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar.

JPSIn the first month, which is the month Nisan, in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, which is the month Adar.

ThomsonAnd the lot having fallen on the fourteenth day of the month Adar, he spoke to king Artaxerxes, saying, There is a nation scattered among the nations throughout thy whole kingdom, whose laws differ from all the nations. And as they disobey the king’s laws and it is not expedient for the king to let them alone;

BrentonAnd he spoke to king Artaxerxes, saying, There is a nation scattered among the nations in all thy kingdom, and their laws differ from those of all the other nations; and they disobey the laws of the king; and it is not expedient for the king to let them alone.

GreekΚαὶ ἐλάλησε πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Ἀρταξέρξην, λέγων, ὑπάρχει ἔθνος διεσπαρμένον ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου, οἱ δὲ νόμοι αὐτῶν ἔξαλλοι παρὰ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, τῶν δὲ νόμων τοῦ βασιλέως παρακούουσι, καὶ οὐ συμφέρει τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐᾶσαι αὐτούς.

KJVAnd Haman said unto king Ahasuerus, There is a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king’s laws: therefore it is not for the king’s profit to suffer them.

JPSAnd Haman said unto king Ahasuerus: ‘There is a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed among the peoples in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from those of every people; neither keep they the king’s laws; therefore it profiteth not the king to suffer them.

Thomsonif it seemeth good to the king, let him pass a decree to destroy them and I will subscribe ten thousand talents of silver to the king’s treasury.

BrentonIf it seem good to the king, let him make a decree to destroy them: and I will remit into the king's treasury ten thousand talents of silver.

GreekΕἰ δοκεῖ τῷ βασιλεῖ, δογματισάτω ἀπολέσαι αὐτοὺς, κᾀγὼ διαγράψω εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον τοῦ βασιλέως ἀργυρίου τάλαντα μύρια.

KJVIf it please the king, let it be written that they may be destroyed: and I will pay ten thousand talents of silver to the hands of those that have the charge of the business, to bring it into the king’s treasuries.

JPSIf it please the king, let it be written that they be destroyed; and I will pay ten thousand talents of silver into the hands of those that have the charge of the king’s business, to bring it into the king’s treasuries.’

ThomsonThereupon the king taking off his ring gave it to Haman to seal the writings against the Jews.

BrentonAnd the king took off his ring, and gave it into the hands of Aman, to seal the decrees against the Jews.

GreekΚαὶ περιελόμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν δακτύλιον, ἔδωκεν εἰς χεῖρας τῷ Ἀμὰν, σφραγίσαι κατὰ τῶν γεγραμμένων κατὰ τῶν Ἰουδαίων.

KJVAnd the king took his ring from his hand, and gave it unto Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, the Jews’ enemy.

JPSAnd the king took his ring from his hand, and gave it unto Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, the Jews’enemy.

ThomsonAnd the king said to Haman, Keep the money, and do with the nation what thou pleasest.

BrentonAnd the king said to Aman, Keep the silver, and treat the nation as thou wilt.

GreekΚαὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ Ἀμὰν, τὸ μὲν ἀργύριον ἔχε, τῷ δὲ ἔθνει χρῶ ὡς βούλει.

KJVAnd the king said unto Haman, The silver is given to thee, the people also, to do with them as it seemeth good to thee.

JPSAnd the king said unto Haman: ‘The silver is given to thee, the people also, to do with them as it seemeth good to thee.’

ThomsonSo the king’s secretaries were convened on the thirteenth day of the first month, and they wrote as Haman directed to the generals and the governors in every province, from India to Ethiopia a hundred and twenty-seven provinces, and to the chiefs of the nations according to their dialect in the name of king Artaxerxes,

BrentonSo the king's recorders were called in the first month, on the thirteenth day, and they wrote as Aman commanded to the captains and governors in every province, from India even to Ethiopia, to a hundred and twenty-seven provinces; and to the rulers of the nations according to their several languages, in the name of king Artaxerxes.

GreekΚαὶ ἐκλήθησαν οἱ γραμματεῖς τοῦ βασιλέως μηνὶ πρώτῳ τῇ τρισκαιδεκάτῃ, καὶ ἔγραψαν ὡς ἐπέταξεν Ἀμὰν τοῖς στρατηγοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσι κατὰ πᾶσαν χώραν ἀπὸ Ἰνδικῆς ἕως τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, ταῖς ἑκατὸν εἰκοσιεπτὰ χώραις, τοῖς τε ἄρχουσι τῶν ἐθνῶν κατὰ τὴν αὐτῶν λέξιν, διὰ Ἀρταξέρξου τοῦ βασιλέως.

KJVThen were the king’s scribes called on the thirteenth day of the first month, and there was written according to all that Haman had commanded unto the king’s lieutenants, and to the governors that were over every province, and to the rulers of every people of every province according to the writing thereof, and to every people after their language; in the name of king Ahasuerus was it written, and sealed with the king’s ring.

JPSThen were the king’s scribes called in the first month, on the thirteenth day thereof, and there was written, according to all that Haman commanded, unto the king’s satraps, and to the governors that were over every province, and to the princes of every people; to every province according to the writing thereof, and to every people after their language; in the name of king Ahasuerus was it written, and it was sealed with the king’s ring.

Thomsonand the decree was despatched by posts throughout the whole kingdom of Artaxerxes, to destroy the race of the Jews on a certain day of the twelfth month which is Adar, and to make spoil of their goods. And the copy of the letter follows: The great king Artaxerxes writeth these things to the princes and governors under his rule from India unto Ethiopia, in a hundred and twenty-seven satrapies. After I had become lord over many nations, and had dominion ouer the whole world, not inflated with overconfidence of power, but conducting myself ever with justness and mercy, I planned to settle on my subjects a continually peaceful life, and, maintaining the kingdom in order, and passable to its utmost boundaries, to renew the peace desired by all men. Yet when I asked my counsellors how this might be brought about, Haman,—who excels in wisdom among us, and who has been manifestly of constant good will and unswerving fidelity, and has risen to second in rank in the kingdom,—informed us that among all nations throughout the world there was dispersed a certain invidious people that had laws contrary to all [other] nations, and who continually ignored the commands of kings, so that the uniting of our kingdoms, in unexceptionable good faith planned by us, cannot proceed. Realizing, hence, that this people alone is continually opposing all men, innovating an alien code of laws, and attempting to work all the mischief they can against us and the firm establishment of the kingdom:— Therefore we have decreed that all those who are signified in writing to you by Haman, who is in charge ouer the affairs [ofthe kingdom] next to us, shall all—wives and children alike—without mercy be utterly destroyed by the sword of their enemies, sparing none, on the fourteenth day of the twelfth month Adar of this present year; in order that these people, hitherto and also now hostile, may on one day be violently slain, thus ever henceforth obtaining for us a well-ordered and untroubled state.

BrentonAnd the message was sent by posts throughout the kingdom of Artaxerxes, to destroy utterly the race of the Jews on the first day of the twelfth month, which is Adar, and to plunder their goods.

GreekΚαὶ ἀπεστάλη διὰ βιβλιοφόρων εἰς τὴν Ἀρταξέρξου βασιλείαν, ἀφανίσαι τὸ γένος τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ μηνὸς δωδεκάτου, ὅς ἐστιν Ἀδὰρ, καὶ διαρπάσαι τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτῶν.

KJVAnd the letters were sent by posts into all the king’s provinces, to destroy, to kill, and to cause to perish, all Jews, both young and old, little children and women, in one day, even upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar, and to take the spoil of them for a prey.

JPSAnd letters were sent by posts into all the king’s provinces, to destroy, to slay, and to cause to perish, all Jews, both young and old, little children and women, in one day, even upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar, and to take the spoil of them for a prey.

13a

Thomson—

Brenton[And the following is the copy of the letter; The great king Artaxerxes writes thus to the rulers and inferior governors of a hundred and twenty-seven provinces, from India even to Ethiopia, who hold authority under him.

Greek“Τῆς δὲ ἐπιστολῆς ἐστι τὸ ἀντίγραφον τόδε. Βασιλεὺς μέγας Ἀρταξέρξης τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἕως τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ἑκατὸν εἰκοσιεπτὰ χωρῶν ἄρχουσι καὶ τοπάρχαις ὑποτεταγμένοις τάδε γράφει.

KJV—

JPS—

13b

Thomson—

BrentonRuling over many nations, and having obtained dominion over the whole world, I was minded, (not elated by the confidence of power, but ever conducting myself with great moderation and with gentleness,) to make the lives of my subjects continually tranquil, desiring both to maintain the kingdom quiet and orderly to its utmost limits, and to restore the peace desired by all men.

GreekΠολλῶν ἐπάρξας ἐθνῶν, καὶ πάσης ἐπικρατήσας οἰκουμένης, ἐβουλήθην, μὴ τῷ θράσει τῆς ἐξουσίας ἐπαιρόμενος, ἐπιεικέστερον δὲ καὶ μετὰ ἠπιότητος ἀεὶ διεξάγων τοὺς τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων ἀκυμάντους διαπαντὸς καταστῆσαι βίους, τήν τε βασιλείαν ἥμερον καὶ πορευτὴν μέχρι περάτων παρεξόμενος, ἀνανεώσασθαί τε τὴν ποθουμένην τοῖς πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις εἰρήνην.

KJV—

JPS—

13c

Thomson—

BrentonBut when I had enquired of my counsellors how this should be brought to pass, Aman, who excels in soundness of judgment among us, and has been manifestly well inclined without wavering and with unshaken fidelity, and has obtained the second post in the kingdom,

GreekΠυθομένου δέ μου τῶν συμβούλων, πῶς ἂν ἀχθείη τοῦτο ἐπὶ πέρας, ὁ σωφροσύνῃ παρʼ ἡμῖν διενέγκας, καὶ ἐν τῇ εὐνοίᾳ ἀπαραλλάκτως καὶ βεβαίᾳ πίστει ἀποδεδειγμένος, καὶ δεύτερον τῶν βασιλειῶν γέρας ἀπενηνεγμένος Ἀμὰν,

KJV—

JPS—

13d

Thomson—

Brentoninformed us that a certain ill-disposed people is mixed up with all the tribes throughout the world, opposed in their laws to every other nation, and continually neglecting the commands of the kings, so that the united government blamelessly administered by us is not quietly established.

Greekἐπέδειξεν ἡμῖν ἐν πάσαις ταῖς κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην φυλαῖς ἀναμεμίχθαι δυσμενῆ λαόν τινα, τοῖς νόμοις ἀντίθετον πρὸς πᾶν ἔθνος, τά τε τῶν βασιλέων παραπέμποντας διηνεκῶς διατάγματα, πρὸς τὸ μὴ κατατίθεσθαι τὴν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν κατευθυνομένην ἀμέμπτως συναρχίαν.

KJV—

JPS—

13e

Thomson—

BrentonHaving then conceived that this nation alone of all others is continually set in opposition to every man, introducing as a change a foreign code of laws, and injuriously plotting to accomplish the worst of evils against our interests, and against the happy establishment of the monarchy;

GreekΔιειληφότες οὖν τόδε τὸ ἔθνος μονώτατον ἐν ἀντιπαραγωγῇ παντὶ διαπαντὸς ἀνθρώπῳ κείμενον, διαγωγὴν νόμων ξενίζουσαν παραλλάσσον, καὶ δυσνοοῦν τοῖς ἡμετέροις πράγμασι τὰ χείριστα συντελοῦν κακὰ, καὶ πρὸς τὸ μὴ τὴν βασιλείαν εὐσταθείας τυγχάνειν·

KJV—

JPS—

13f

Thomson—

Brentonwe have accordingly appointed those who are signified to you in the letters written by Aman, who is set over the public affairs and is our second governor, to destroy them all utterly with their wives and children by the swords of the enemies, without pitying or sparing any, on the fourteenth day of the twelfth month Adar, of the present year;

Greekπροστετάχαμεν οὖν τοὺς σημαινομένους ὑμῖν ἐν τοῖς γεγραμμένοις ὑπὸ Ἀμὰν τοῦ τεταγμένου ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων, καὶ δευτέρου πατρὸς ἡμῶν, πάντας σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις ἀπολέσαι ὁλοριζὶ, ταῖς τῶν ἐχθρῶν μαχαίραις, ἄνευ παντὸς οἴκτου καὶ φειδοῦς, τῇ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτῃ τοῦ δωδεκάτου μηνὸς Ἄδαρ, τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος ἔτους,

KJV—

JPS—

13g

Thomson—

Brentonthat the people aforetime and now ill-disposed to us having been violently consigned to death in one day, may hereafter secure to us continually a well constituted and quiet state of affairs.]

Greekὅπως οἱ πάλαι καὶ νῦν δυσμενεῖς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ βιαίως εἰς τὸν ᾅδην κατελθόντες, εἰς τὸν μετέπειτα χρόνον εὐσταθῆ καὶ ἀτάραχα παρέχωσιν ἡμῖν διὰ τέλους τὰ πράγματα.”

KJV—

JPS—

ThomsonAnd copies of the decree were to be sent through every province and all the nations were ordered to be ready against that day.

BrentonAnd the copies of the letters were published in every province; and an order was given to all the nations to be ready against that day.

GreekΤὰ δὲ ἀντίγραφα τῶν ἐπιστολῶν ἐξετίθετο κατὰ χώραν· καὶ προσετάγη πᾶσι τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἑτοίμους εἶναι εἰς τὴν ἡμέραν ταύτην.

KJVThe copy of the writing for a commandment to be given in every province was published unto all people, that they should be ready against that day.

JPSThe copy of the writing, to be given out for a decree in every province, was to be published unto all peoples, that they should be ready against that day.

ThomsonAnd when the business was despatched at Susa, the king and Haman sat down to revel, but the city was struck with consternation.

BrentonAnd the business was hastened, and that at Susa: and the king and Aman began to drink; but the city was troubled.

GreekἘσπεύδετο δὲ τὸ πρᾶγμα, καὶ εἰς Σοῦσαν· ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς καὶ Ἀμὰν ἐκωθωνίζοντο· ἐταράσσετο δὲ ἡ πόλις.

KJVThe posts went out, being hastened by the king’s commandment, and the decree was given in Shushan the palace. And the king and Haman sat down to drink; but the city Shushan was perplexed.

JPSThe posts went forth in haste by the king’s commandment, and the decree was given out in Shushan the castle; and the king and Haman sat down to drink; but the city of Shushan was perplexed.